Phonetics

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Glossary

Voice

A phoneme

Examples

  • /s/ vs. /z/

Stop

A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked, ceasing all airflow.

Examples

Obstruent

ˈɒbstruːənt

An ╱ˈɒbstruːənt╱ is a consonant in which airflow is obstructed but not ceased. This sublty separates it from a Stop.

Examples

  • ╱k╱

  • ╱v╱

Frictave

A frictave is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow path.

Examples

  • ╱s╱

  • ╱z╱

  • ╱ʃ╱

Affricate

An affricate is a consonant is one that begins as a stop and releases as a frictave.

Examples

  • ╱t⁀ʃ╱

Rounding

The roundedness of a vowel refers to how round the lips are during articulation. In Protruded rounding, the corners of the lips are brought together, and the lips protrude outward. In compressed rounding, the lips do not protrude.

⟨◌ᵝ⟩ or ⟨◌ᶹ⟩ can be used to denote compression, and ⟨◌ʷ⟩ for protrusion.

Examples

  • ╱u╱, the close back round vowel, is typically protruded.

Diphthong

A slide between two vowels; creates a single phoneme from multiple phones.

Examples

  • ╱aʊ╱, as "ow" in "cow."

Retroflex

Retroflex consonants are articulated with the end of the tongue, between the alveolar ridge and hard palate, with the tongue in a flat, concave, or curled shape.

Examples

  • ʂ, the voiceless retroflex fricative, found in Polish's 'sz.'

Palatalisation

Consonants may be palatalised, meaning that the tongue is moved closer to the hard palate (behind the alveolar ridge). Palatalisation is denoted by a superscript 'j' following the consonant, e.g. /ʒʲ/.

Example: in American English, the 'r' in "atom" is pronounced /ɾ/, whilst the 'r' in "party" is pronounced /ɾʲ/.

Vowels

Height

The height of a vowel refers to the vertical position of the tongue. The IPA distinguishes between six degrees of vowel height, plush schwa:

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Roundedness

Refers to the roundness of the lips during articulation. The IPA distinguishes simply between rounded and unrounded.

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Backness

Refers to the position of the tongue during articulation. The IPA distinguishes between five degrees of backness; listed from front-most to back-most:

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Places of articulation

The 'place of articulation' within the mouth characterises consonants.

file:phonetics-assets/mouth.jpg

Note that consonants exist on a spectrum. e.g., [n] can be articulated as dental, alveolar, or post-alveolar.

bilabial

articulated with both lips. e.g. b, p, ʙ, m, w.

labio-dental

articulated between the lower lips and the upper teeth. e.g. f, v.

interdental

articulated between the teeth. e.g. θ, ð. (uncommon term — typically just thrown under 'dental')

dental

articulated against the teeth. e.g. θ, ð, t, d.

alveolar

articulated with the tongue against or near the alveolar ridge (the hard 'cliff' between the teeth and the palate, the soft 'ceiling'). e.g. t, d, r, ɹ, ɾ,

retroflex

palatal

velar

uvular

pharyngeal

epiglottal

glottal

References